Archive for the ‘Ethics’ Category

Shameful

Saturday, October 17th, 2009

Texas likely executed an innocent man. That man, Cameron Todd Willingham, was represented at trial by David Martin, a man I now believe to be the most disloyal and generally shameful defense lawyer I’ve ever had the displeasure of hearing speak.

If you want to hear what he had to say about his former client on CNN, watch the video below. I wouldn’t recommend viewing it if you think you might have problems stomaching a faux cowboy in a deep state of denial proclaiming the guilt of a dead man whose life was once placed in his undeserving and likely incapable hands.

The video mostly speaks for itself, but you can read some great blog posts about it here, here, here, and here. Willingham’s appellate lawyer even wrote about it here (the link is to the blog, as the link to the post itself seems to be broken).

I don’t have much to contribute to the discussion aside from my disgust. When I complain about bad defense attorneys, I’m usually talking about lawyers who could never in their wildest dreams hope to hold a candle to David Martin’s lack of ethics. I don’t believe I’ve ever met a lawyer who’d trash a deceased client on national television. I hope I never meet one. How David Martin ever managed to get himself appointed to a death case is beyond me.

A Tricky Situation

Thursday, June 4th, 2009

Article 2, Section 22 of the Arizona Constitution says that “[a]ll persons charged with crime shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, except . . . [f]or felony offenses committed when the person charged is already admitted to bail on a separate felony charge and where the proof is evident or the presumption great as to the present charge.”

Knowing that, what do you say when you know your client’s new offense was allegedly committed while he was out on bond for another felony offense and the judge asks, “counsel, do you have any recommendations regarding bond?” Does it matter if the same judge is assigned to the client’s other case and presumably knows that the client was out on bail when he or she supposedly committed the new offense? Does it matter if the prosecutor doing coverage, who recommends a bond amount, is the assigned prosecutor on the client’s other case and presumably knows the client was out on bail when he or she supposedly committed the new offense?

In a situation like that, everyone but you is operating under some kind of false assumption. It’s not uncommon. In fact, I encountered a few situations like that last week (hence the post). They either don’t remember your client was on release, or they don’t know about Article 2, Section 22. Regardless, you know they’re wrong. You’ve probably told your client he isn’t entitled to bond, and when the judge asked you for a bond amount, the client was probably grinning from ear to ear thinking it was his lucky day.

In a situation like that, the State Bar of Arizona would probably direct you to Ethics Rule 3.3, Candor Toward the Tribunal. Here it is:

(a) A lawyer shall not knowingly:

(1) make a false statement of fact or law to a tribunal or fail to correct a false statement of material fact or law previously made to the tribunal by the lawyer;

(2) fail to disclose to the tribunal legal authority in the controlling jurisdiction known to the lawyer to be directly adverse to the position of the client and not disclosed by opposing counsel; or

(3) offer evidence that the lawyer knows to be false. If a lawyer, the lawyer’s client or a witness called by the lawyer has offered material evidence and the lawyer comes to know of its falsity, the lawyer shall take reasonable remedial measures, including, if necessary, disclosure to the tribunal. A lawyer may refuse to offer evidence, other than the testimony of a defendant in a criminal matter, that the lawyer reasonably believes is false.

Sure, it’s an important rule, but does it really apply? The constitution is legal authority, but is it directly adverse to the position of your client? Your client wants bond, obviously, but his position was that he couldn’t get it. The judge and the state are the ones who hold the position which is contrary to legal authority. Also, is arguing for bond a false statement of fact or law? Doesn’t the rule seem to only require you correct a false statement of material fact or law that you previously made to the tribunal?

Some of these questions are answered to some degree by ethics opinions, but I don’t think the answer is clear. How big of a factor is the way the judge words the question? Does merely asking for recommendations regarding bond give rise to a duty to tell the court your client isn’t entitled to it? What if the judge assumes the client gets bond and just asks you for an amount and a reason? What if he just asks you for an amount? Just a reason? Do you argue for the bond amount you know your client wants, or do you just throw out a number and say as little as possible? Is the way you word it going to make a difference? What if you say, “if the court is inclined to set a bond amount, X amount is appropriate for Y reasons?” Can you argue freely if you assume the court and prosecutor think proof is not evident or the presumption not great as to the present charge?

You can probably guess by now that I’m just going to ask questions here without really answering any of them. Every situation is different, so I don’t think there’s any single right answer. However, I think it’s fair to say any good criminal defense lawyer is going to keep his or her client’s interests in mind at all times while advocating for the clients within the boundaries of the ethical rules (duh). In the right situation, there are ways to argue for what your client wants.

One fascinating thing to me about what I’ve described is that I don’t recall law school professionalism ever covering a fact pattern where everyone was wrong but you. Maybe they thought learned judges and prosecutors didn’t make mistakes like that. If so, they’re wrong. Situations like the one I’ve described happen regularly. More often than most people think.

Because of that, it’s probably not a bad idea to figure out in advance how you’d react.

Promises, Promises

Thursday, March 26th, 2009

One of the most common things I hear in initial consultations is that “attorney so-and-so said he could definitely get me X deal.” It can be a frustrating situation when the client was promised something that no defense attorney in their right mind would promise. Sometimes, it ends up being an amusing situation when the “deal” prospective clients claim they were promised really can be guaranteed.

Multiple clients have said to me that local high-volume DUI firms told them, “if you hire us for your first time regular DUI, we can get the judge to suspend all but one of the ten mandatory days of jail.” That’s true. It’s a reasonable guarantee because it’s a virtual certainty, but it’s misleading for that same reason. That result has nothing to do with the lawyer. The client could get that “deal” if he or she just pleaded to the court. That’s the likely result if the client loses at trial. I don’t think I’ve ever seen a first-time regular DUI defendant plead to the charge and not get nine days suspended. Those firms left the clients with the impression that getting them that “deal” was something special, and had the clients not gone to another attorney, they might have spent the entire representation thinking that was the case.

I honestly don’t know why lawyers would say things like that. Are they banking on the fact clients won’t talk to any other lawyers? Don’t they think the combination of misleading information, high-pressure sales tactics, and tons of clients is going to get the bar involved sooner or later? Maybe they don’t care. Maybe what they’re doing isn’t necessarily unethical if they are wording it properly (though I disagree), but it’s going to make some clients really angry. I don’t know anything about running a mega-firm, but to me, it seems like an awfully stupid business practice.

Zealous Representation

Wednesday, March 4th, 2009

In this post, Scott Greenfield at Simple Justice talks about how zealous advocacy will no longer be necessary in New York starting on April 1, 2009. Arizona attorneys haven’t had to zealously advocate for their clients for years. However, most criminal defense attorneys still promise in their fee agreements that they will zealously represent their clients, and there are still quite a few zealous advocates out there. I doubt that changing the language of our ethics rules had much of an effect.

Interestingly, at least one Justice on the Supreme Court of Arizona disagrees. Every Arizona attorney is required to take a professionalism course. When I took the course, we watched a video of Chief Justice Ruth McGregor talking about the need to increase civility in the practice of law. I recall being confused when she said something to the effect that removing zeal from the rules was a huge step in the right direction. I got the impression that she felt it made a big difference. Can’t an attorney be a zealous advocate while remaining civil? Can removing one little word make such a big difference? How many attorneys really changed the way they represent clients based on that change?

If Justice McGregor is right, I’m worried. How did attorneys eliminate zeal from their representation? Have clients been forced to accept a lesser degree of representation? I’m concerned that may be what the Supreme Court really wanted. If civility was all they cared about, they could have just amended the rule to say “[a] lawyer shall provide zealous representation to a client while remaining civil at all times.” I hope I’m right and that clients haven’t been made to suffer in order to promote civility.

I Will Never Recommend These Lawyers to Anyone

Wednesday, January 21st, 2009

Last week, I discovered one drawback of having some of my favorite blogs link to us. With the increase in traffic has come spam. Lots of it. Occasionally, an obvious spam comment slips past our filter, but it doesn’t bother me. I delete it, and life goes on. It normally involves male enhancement or someone willing to do something that’s illegal in the deep south.

It looks like some new lawyers have jumped into the fray. Taking a cue from viagra vendors, some scumbag attorneys have decided to spam my poor little blog. They put up stupid comments talking about how great they are and linking to their website. The spam comments were completely unrelated to the posts. I won’t provide a link, as it will just encourage them. If they’re attacking little-old-me with spam, they are probably big enough to have more visitors than I do. A small number of people will notice me complaining about their marketing practices, but my link will probably just make them look more important. I’m pretty sure it’s a losing fight, but please correct me if I’m wrong.

I’ve purposefully avoided discussing marketing here, as I don’t really have much to say on the subject. When I started this blog, this was my thought process: I like writing. I need an outlet to complain about the things that frustrate me and make me eager to get to work each day. I want to learn HTML and PHP in my spare time. Blogging seems like a good way to combine all of that, right? I vaguely thought it might somehow serve as a marketing tool and possibly bring in a client or two if the content was good enough.

Well, I turns out I’m bad at marketing. I doubt the firm has gotten a single client because of this blog. I haven’t learned HTML or PHP very well either (try using the search function on this blog). On the other hand, I’ve enjoyed blawging, and I think I’ve written some decent posts. Blawgers seem to be a fairly close-knit community, and I’ve had a good time meeting and communicating with other blawgers. I learned there are some things I didn’t think mattered that do matter (like giving your blog a promotional name), and things I did think mattered that don’t matter (for some reason, I thought it was common courtesy to ask someone before putting them on your blogroll). I think I’m pretty aware of blawging customs at this point.

What those spamming lawyers did is more than just against custom. I view it as tantamount to spray-painting the outside of my office building with their name and number. It wastes my time cleaning it up and tells me they are either unethical or too incompetent to properly supervise their staff. If it’s an ethics issue, I think it will self-correct. An attorney who trolls blogs and self-promotes with comments-spam is probably nearing the end of his or her legal career (or so I hope). If I were an inadvertnently-spamming lawyer, I’d still be worried about my state bar ethics committee if I didn’t address it ASAP. If my marketing guy went too far, I’d rein him in or fire him. It’s the only honorable thing to do.

I won’t pretend to be all high and mighty. I also won’t try to shame spammers in general, as plenty of far better blawgers have already done that. On principle, I’m not putting any links in this post. Check my blogroll for people with good things to say on the subject. All I have to say is the following for the sleazy attorneys who spammed me: if you messed up and hired a shady SEO guy, you should be prepared to apologize and fix the problem. If you’re so desperate for clients that you resorted to spamming other lawyers’ sites, you should probably focus more on the quality of your legal services. I didn’t appreciate taking the time to delete your irritating comments, and I bet you didn’t earn yourself a single client doing it. I think I’m not alone in saying that under no circumstances would I ever consider recommending you or your network to anyone.

Contract Attorney Conflicts

Tuesday, December 30th, 2008

Some Arizona jurisdictions have diversion programs where the county attorney will notify a potential defendant that they are going to be charged with a crime. The state sends defendants a letter explaining they have been selected for diversion and that, if they agree to participate in the program and successfully complete it, the state will not indict them. It isn’t just a dismissal; it’s almost as if it never happened.

One county’s program is particularly great. The woman who runs it is knowledgeable, fair, and very easy to deal with. Most importantly, she seems genuinely concerned with making sure everyone she supervises succeeds. Often, I get the feeling diversion programs and probation departments are run by people who hate criminal defendants, see no problem with forcing them to pay outrageous fines or jump through ridiculous hoops, and generally like to feel powerful by messing with other people’s lives. That’s definitely not the case with this program. The fines and other requirements are very reasonable, and when I have a client with a nasty case and a lot to lose, I strongly recommend they consider participating.

In that same jurisdiction, a lot of indigent defense work is performed by private defense attorneys who contract with the county. Many private criminal defense attorneys there use indigent defense contracts to supplement the income they get from private clients. Some of the jurisdiction’s criminal defense attorneys’ entire practices consist of contract work. In that county, most contracts pay an attorney a set amount per case, with different rates depending on how far the case progresses. If the attorney resolves the case before the defendant is arraigned, the attorney will be paid much less than he or she would for a case that ends up in superior court.

Recently, I spoke with the lady who runs the diversion program I discussed above. She mentioned some contract attorneys never returned her calls or responded to her letters. Many of their clients missed the opportunity for diversion and ended up being indicted. She wondered why those lawyers weren’t more eager to enroll their clients in diversion.

Ever the cynic, the first thing that came to my mind was that the attorneys got paid more if their clients didn’t get diversion. In fact, in that jurisdiction, a contract attorney will be paid over three times as much pleading out a case at the first pretrial than they would assisting the client to enroll in diversion prior to arraignment. In both instances, the attorney would have (hopefully) reviewed all of the police reports and other evidence. They would have (hopefully) looked into any potential factual or legal issues and spoken at length with their clients about the case. The only difference as far as time and effort goes is that in one situation the client gets diversion and the attorney gets a little bit of money, while in the other, the client gets convicted and the attorney gets much more money.

I’m not a big fan of pay-by-case contracts in general. They immediately create a conflict of interest between the lawyer and the client in that there is no financial incentive for the lawyer to do more than the bare minimum. Extra fees are usually difficult to get. However, although not providing any incentive for doing a thorough job isn’t ideal, actually incentivizing a bad result for the client seems much worse to me.

I hope those attorneys had good reasons for not enrolling their clients in diversion. It would be a real tragedy if they were sacrificing their clients’ futures for financial benefit, but I’m skeptical. They have a powerful incentive to throw their clients under the bus. A bad result for the client (i.e. indictment and conviction instead of dismissal) means more cash for them.

Buyers or managers might like the fact they know exactly how much each case will cost the county, but what’s the cost to the people being defended?

Unethical Lawyers

Monday, December 15th, 2008

A lot of disgraceful attorneys have been making news lately. This post brings up some good points. It also poses some interesting questions. I think that law is for a number of attorneys a very desperate profession right now. A lot of lawyers are greedy, and many more are hesitant about reporting other lawyers’ ethical violations because they worry they might someday find themselves in the same situation.

Law schools should do something, as they are primarily responsible for the current state of the legal profession. Unfortunately, I doubt that what they’re likely to do will make any difference. They will probably just add another course to the curriculum. Maybe some smart professors will convince the powers-that-be to change the language of the ethics rules. After all, amending the rules to no longer require “zealous” advocacy instantly made lawyers much more civil to each other, right?

The problem is not a lack of knowledge or well-drafted rules. The fundamental problem is the way law schools recruit and educate future lawyers. Law schools are clearinghouses for people who want to make a lot of money working steady hours behind a desk. Any high-paying office job will do. Most law students don’t care if they ever represent anyone. I have attorney-friends who graduated before I did and have yet to interact with a single client. They don’t care. They like it better that way. Many professors have never represented clients either. Some are even hostile to practicing attorneys. The higher your law school GPA and the more academic accolades you receive, the more likely you are to get one of those highly desirable jobs where you sit behind a mahogany desk in an expensive office with a great view billing hundreds of dollars an hour to nameless, faceless corporate clients. The most sought-after jobs of all, prestigious clerkships, will guarantee that you have no clients for at least a year.

I suspect the biggest contributor to the current state of the profession is the fact that most attorneys are too removed from the people who actually pay their salaries. It’s easier to steal from a stranger. There are always going to be bad lawyers who steal from clients. If law schools focused more on recruiting people who really wanted to be lawyers and tried to avoid admitting people who just want to make a steady upper middle class salary sitting at a desk, I bet they could drastically reduce the number of unethical lawyers, at least the type that have been popping up in the news lately.